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31.
为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs(挥发性有机物)对O3和SOA(二次有机气溶胶)的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $(TVOCs)(总挥发性有机物)分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃(35.2%)和烯炔烃(25.2%)为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物(oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs)(30.6%)和烷烃(26.0%)为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs(臭氧生成潜势)分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP(二次有机气溶胶生成潜势)较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O3的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成. 相似文献
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本文在对四川德阳地区龙凤水库西岸滑坡的地质地貌条件及变形迹象进行深入调查的基础上,对该滑坡的主要成因及稳定性进行了分析与评价,并有针对性地提出了工程防治方案。研究表明,疏松透水的土层、较强的降雨以及人类耕作活动是导致滑坡发生的主要因素。在天然状态下该滑坡稳定或基本稳定;在天然+地震状态下,该滑坡欠稳定或不稳定;在连续高强度降雨状态下,该滑坡不稳定。故采取截、排水及抗滑桩等工程措施是防治该滑坡的有效方案。 相似文献
34.
Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
YAN Ming-quan WANG Dong-sheng SHI Bao-you WEI Qun-shan QU Jiu-hui TANG Hong-xiao 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(3):271-277
Characterizing natural organic matter (NOM), particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant (HPAC) was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system. 相似文献
35.
Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure (OM), half organic manure plus half fertilizer N (HOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (NK) and control (CK) since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions (25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS), but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions (35℃ and 90% WFPS). N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil. 相似文献
36.
NOx是我国十二五期间重点控制的污染物,燃煤工业锅炉是其重要来源。为了研究燃煤工业锅炉NOx的形成与释放规律,在实验室模拟了不同煤种的燃烧过程。采用原煤/焦炭燃烧法分别研究挥发分氮和焦炭氮生成NOx的反应,探讨燃料型NOx的形成与释放规律,并解释试验模拟条件下燃煤NOx产污系数和现场实测值的差异。结果表明,试验中烟煤、无烟煤、煤焦的NO转化率平均值分别为25.77%,22.17%和11.98%,产污系数平均值分别为4.31,5.08和2.00kg/t,高于现场实测结果核算值。燃煤工业锅炉NOx以燃料型为主,燃料型NOx的形成和释放是一个复杂的多相反应过程,由挥发分氮的氧化还原反应和焦炭氮的氧化还原反应组成,煤种、温度、空气流量、粒径、氧含量等因素对4种反应各自影响及影响程度并不相同。 相似文献
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39.
Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles (58.4 Gg). The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles. 相似文献
40.
化学合成类制药行业工艺废气VOCs排放特征与危害评估分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
以浙江台州6家典型化学合成类制药企业为代表,对其排放工艺废气中的18项挥发性有机物(VOCs)特征污染物(如甲苯、甲醛、二氯甲烷等)进行监测和分析,并采用臭氧产生潜力(OFP)和健康风险评价指标对VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行初步的评价.结果表明,化学合成类制药企业排放的总VOCs浓度为14.9~308.6 mg·m-3,其产生环境危害的OFP值为3.1~315.1 mg·m-3,主要贡献物质为甲苯、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯等6种物质,存在较大的潜在环境危害.另外,健康危害中的非致癌风险指数和总致癌风险指数介于9.48×10-7~4.98×10-4a-1和3.17×10-5~6.33×10-3之间,主要是苯、甲醛和二氯甲烷这3种致癌物. 相似文献